TY  - JOUR
T1  - Advanced Formulations Can Be Designed as Adaptive Release Systems Rather Than Static Dosage Forms
A1  - Marco De Luca
A1  - Giulia Ferraro
A1  - Antonio Russo
A1  - Elena Rossi
JF  - International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences
JO  - Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci
SN  - 2277-3657
Y1  - 2026
VL  - 15
IS  - 3
DO  - 10.51847/0ekogzcrDP
SP  - 62
EP  - 73
N2  - Advanced drug-delivery systems are usually evaluated as dosage forms with predefined release characteristics, yet the environments into which they release drug are variable in composition, mechanics, transport capacity, disease state, and time. This perspective argues that a useful next design step is to treat selected formulations as adaptive release systems whose performance is defined by how formulation state changes in response to physiologically or therapeutically relevant conditions. Adaptation is distinguished from simple sustained release, programmed sequential release, stimulus responsiveness, and true feedback control. Human gastrointestinal measurements, biorelevant dissolution studies, mechanistic absorption models, responsive biomaterials, implantable systems, and personalized manufacturing collectively show that release behavior can depend on gastric pH, buffering, motility, prandial composition, regional intestinal conditions, absorptive sink, local formulation-generated microenvironments, disease-associated signals, external stimuli, and patient-specific constraints. These observations do not establish a universal need for adaptive formulations. Rather, they expose conditions under which a static specification may poorly represent the product–environment interaction. The article therefore develops a proposed adaptive-release design logic in which relevant patient or physiological states are translated into formulation transformations, release consequences, downstream availability, and—where technically justified—feedback or reassessment. Particular emphasis is placed on avoiding over-responsive systems whose triggering is nonspecific, unstable, poorly coupled to exposure, or difficult to manufacture and qualify. Adaptive release should consequently be understood not as maximal responsiveness, but as controlled, evidence-bounded adjustment to states that materially influence therapeutic delivery.
UR  - https://ijpras.com/article/advanced-formulations-can-be-designed-as-adaptive-release-systems-rather-than-static-dosage-forms-tnd12s34o6ccfrh
ER  -