TY  - JOUR
T1  - Programmable Release under Pathological Heterogeneity through an Adaptive-Control Architecture for Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines across Unstable Disease Microenvironments
A1  - Mikko Lahtinen
A1  - Elina Salo
A1  - Juhani Virtanen
JF  - International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences
JO  - Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci
SN  - 2277-3657
Y1  - 2025
VL  - 14
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.51847/xY93wdcUYg
SP  - 45
EP  - 55
N2  - Stimuli-responsive nanomedicines are often designed as if one pathological cue can reliably identify a disease site and authorize payload release. That assumption is fragile when biochemical signals, vascular access, cellular composition, intracellular trafficking, and treatment response vary among patients, lesions, tissue regions, and time points. This article proposes an adaptive-control architecture that treats programmable release as a partially observable control problem rather than a single material transition. Endogenous biochemical cues and externally applied physical signals are treated as complementary but fallible inputs. A proposed sensing–decision–release sequence combines transduction, context normalization, local-state estimation, multi-input logic, confidence qualification, thresholds, temporal persistence, hysteresis, and an independent safety interlock. Release is permitted only when the estimated state and safety conditions are concordant; otherwise, the system monitors, inhibits, or fails closed. Post-action measurements may support feedback only when independently validated as surrogates of a relevant state or pharmaceutical consequence, and adaptation is restricted to predefined parameters within a prospective operating envelope. Validation must challenge the architecture under spatially and temporally heterogeneous signals, variable carrier access, protein-corona formation, biological barriers, off-target conditions, and manufacturing variation. The contribution is an original non-empirical synthesis connecting responsive nanomaterials, pathological heterogeneity, logic-gated release, safety constraints, and bounded feedback. It does not establish universal thresholds, clinical benefit, regulatory acceptance, manufacturing readiness, or autonomous therapeutic operation.
UR  - https://ijpras.com/article/programmable-release-under-pathological-heterogeneity-through-an-adaptive-control-architecture-for-s-28krv6wugkxhpcy
ER  -